Signs and symptoms of lymphoedema

Lymphoedema is a condition caused by a blockage in your lymphatic system, leading to swelling in the affected area, most commonly in the arms or legs. This swelling can worsen over time if left untreated.

Besides swelling, other signs and symptoms are typical of lymphoedema. If you’re at risk, monitor these signs and communicate with your Healthcare Professional about them, as early recognition and treatment are crucial for managing symptoms and preventing complications.

• Swelling of the arm(s), leg(s) or other parts of the body: The most common sign of lymphoedema is swelling that worsens throughout the day. This can include fingers or toes. Swelling in both arms or both legs (bilateral lymphoedema) is relatively rare. Other affected areas can include the head, neck, or genitals.
• Swelling progression and persistence: Swelling often progresses during the day and improves when you elevate the limb (helping lymphatic fluid return to the center of your body). Swelling that persists for more than three months should be monitored closely.
• Pitting edema: Applying pressure to your skin, e.g. with your thumb, leaves an indentation.

• Heaviness or tightness: The affected area may feel heavy, tight, or stiff.
• Aching or discomfort: The affected area may experience soreness or pain.

• Fibrosis: The skin may become hard and tight over time, and wart-like growths and skin folds can develop in the affected area.
• Skin discoloration: The skin may change color and appear redder.
• Lymphorrhea: Fluid may leak through the skin.
• Skin infections: The affected area is more prone to infections, such as cellulitis.

• Reduced mobility and range of motion: Swelling and discomfort may limit movement.

• Tighter clothing and jewelry: The effected area may cause clothes and accessories (especially rings and bracelets) to feel tighter than usual.

Lymphoedema symptoms can evolve over time. Without treatment, swelling may become permanent, making the affected area feel hard and solid. Unlike earlier stages, this swelling does not improve overnight.

Lymphoedema can develop in various individuals, especially those who have undergone cancer treatments. Knowing the risk factors can help you catch it early and get the treatment you need.

• Cancer patients: Lymphoedema can develop after cancer treatment, such as removing lymph nodes after surgery, radiation treatment, or after some types of chemotherapy or hormone treatment. It is most commonly seen with breast cancer in women and with prostate cancer in men.
• Congenital conditions: Some individuals are born with underdeveloped or missing lymphatic vessels.
• Infections or injuries: Trauma that damages the lymphatic system can lead to lymphoedema.
• Obesity: Carrying extra weight can increase the risk of developing lymphoedema.
• Chronic venous insufficiency: If you have vein issues, you might also be at a higher risk.

If you fall into any of these categories, it's important to keep an eye on your body for signs and symptoms of lymphoedema and to consult your Healthcare Professional.

Certain cancer treatments can lead to the development of lymphoedema. For example, after breast cancer surgery, lymphoedema mainly occurs in the arm but can also develop in the chest/breast area, and chest wall. Obesity increases the risk of lymphoedema after breast cancer treatment.

In patients with prostate cancer, swelling can occur around the groin and may affect the genitals. Other cancers associated with lymphoedema include cancers in the pelvic area (bladder, testicles, penis, cervix, ovaries, vulva, or rectum), lymphoma, melanoma, and cancers of the head and neck.

Lymphoedema is a significant burden, especially when associated with cancer. Treating it requires a holistic approach that also includes your mental well-being. Self-management and connecting with others facing the same challenges are crucial parts of the treatment process.

If you start to see symptoms of lymphoedema, such as persistent swelling, skin changes, or reduced mobility, it is crucial to visit a Healthcare Professional for proper diagnosis and treatment. Early intervention can prevent severe complications.

Pain can be a symptom of lymphoedema, varying from mild discomfort to severe aching. The pain can result from swelling, skin changes, and reduced mobility. Managing pain is an essential part of lymphoedema treatment, often involving physical therapy, compression garments, and medications.

Lymphoedema should not be confused with other conditions that cause swelling. Unlike general swelling or oedema caused by heart, liver, or kidney issues, lymphoedema is specifically related to lymphatic system dysfunction. For a comprehensive guide, see our article "Understanding lymphoedema."